Platform screen doors (PSDs) and platform edge doors (PEDs) at train or subway stations separate the platform from the train. They are a relatively new addition to many metro systems around the world, some having been retrofitted to established systems. They are widely used in newer Asian and European metro systems.
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History
The first stations in the world with platform screen doors are ten stations in the Saint Petersburg Metro's Line 2 that opened between 1961 and 1972. The platform "doors" are actually openings in the station wall, which support the ceiling of the platform. The track tunnels adjoining the ten stations' island platforms were built with tunnel boring machines (TBMs), and the island platforms were actually located in a separate vault between the two track tunnels. Usually, TBMs bore the deep-level tunnels between stations, while the station vaults are dug out manually and contain both the tracks and the platform. However, in the case of the Saint Petersburg Metro, the TBMs bored a pair of continuous tunnels that passed through ten stations, and the stations themselves were built in vaults that only contained the platform (with small openings on the sides of the vault, in order for passengers to access the trains in the tunnels). These openings were covered with steel doors in order to prevent people from falling into the gaps between the walls.
In 1987, the Singapore MRT was the first system in the world to install glass PSDs based on safety reasons, rather than based on architectural constraints.
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Types
Although the terms are often used interchangeably, platform screen doors can refer to both full-height and half-height barriers. Full height platform screen doors are total barriers between the station floor and ceiling, while the half-height platform screen doors are referred to as platform edge doors, as they do not reach the ceiling and thus do not create a total barrier. The half-screen doors are usually only half of the height of the full-screen doors, but they sometimes reach to the height of the train. These two types of platform screen doors are presently the main types in the world.
Platform screen doors
These doors help to:
- Prevent people from accidentally falling onto the tracks, getting too close to moving trains, and committing suicide or homicide (by pushing).
- Prevent or reduce wind felt by the passengers caused by the piston effect which could in some circumstances make people lose their balance
- Reduce the risk of accidents, especially from service trains passing through the station at high speeds.
- Improve climate control within the station (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are more effective when the station is physically isolated from the tunnel).
- Improve security -- access to the tracks and tunnels is restricted.
- Lower costs -- eliminate the need for motormen or conductors when used in conjunction with Automatic Train Operation, thereby reducing manpower costs.
- Prevent litter build up on the track, which can be a fire risk.
- Improve the sound quality of platform announcements, as background noise from the tunnels and trains that are entering or exiting is reduced.
Their primary disadvantage is their cost; installing a system typically costs several million USD per station. When used to retrofit older systems, they limit the kind of rolling stock that may be used on a line, as train doors must have exactly the same spacing as the platform doors; this results in additional costs due to depot upgrades and otherwise unnecessary purchases of rolling stock. They also impede natural ventilation, increasing climate control costs.
The doors also pose their own safety risks. The primary risk is that people may be trapped between the platform doors and the train carriage, and be subsequently crushed when the train begins to move (see § Incidents). Cases of this happening are rare, and may depend upon door design.
Automatic platform gate
Half-height platform screen doors, or automatic platform gates, are chest-height sliding doors at the edge of railway platforms to prevent passengers from falling off the platform edge onto the railway tracks. Like full-height platform screen doors, these platform gates slide open or close simultaneously with the train doors.
Half-height platform gates are cheaper to install than platform screen doors, which require more metallic framework for support. Some railway operators may therefore prefer such an option to improve safety at railway platforms and, at the same time, keep costs low and non-air-conditioned platforms naturally ventilated. However, these gates are less effective than full platform screen doors in preventing people from intentionally jumping onto the tracks.
These gates were first in practical use by the Hong Kong MTR on the Disneyland Resort Line for their open-air station design. The later design by other manufacturers, such as Manusa, Grupsa or Gilgen Door Systems AG, have their gates higher than the ones installed on the Disneyland Resort Line.
A few examples include:
- Beijing Subway
- Shanghai Metro
- Paris Métro
- Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
- MTR (Hong Kong)
- Fukuoka City Subway
- Osaka Municipal Subway
- Tokyo Monorail, Tokyo Metro, and Toei Metro
- Taipei Metro
Use
Australia
In Melbourne, the Melbourne Metro tunnel currently under construction from Kensington to South Yarra will feature platform screen doors. New trains are currently (2017) being designed that will link with the full height doors.
In Sydney, the first phase of the Sydney Metro (known as Sydney Metro Northwest) will open in 2019 and will be the first fully automated rapid transit rail system in Australia. The new stations will be equipped with full height platform screen doors on underground platforms and half height on at grade/elevated platforms. The existing 5 stations on the Epping to Chatswood railway line will be upgraded to rapid transit standard, all featuring half height platform screen doors.
Brazil
The São Paulo Metro has nine stations with platform screen doors: Sacomã station (Line 2 - Green) opened on 30 January 2010 with this feature. On 25 May 2010, Faria Lima and Paulista stations (Line 4 - Yellow) opened featuring PSDs; on 21 August 2010, Vila Prudente Station was opened with PSDs and on 21 September 2010, Tamanduateí Station was also opened with PSDs. Stations Butantã, Pinheiros, República, and Luz of Line 4 - Yellow, opened in 2011 with PSDs. All the future stations of the system will be inaugurated with PSDs. They are planned to be installed in the old stations as well.
Canada
Screen doors are in use at all three LINK Train stations and the Union and Pearson Union Pearson Express stations at Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga, Ontario.
China
All Chinese metro systems have platform screen doors installed on most of their lines. All stations built after the mid 2000s have some form of platform barrier. Only the Shanghai Metro, Beijing Subway, Guangzhou Metro, Nanjing Metro and Wuhan Metro have stations without the platform screen doors on their early lines. In addition, many BRT systems such as the Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit are also equipped with platform screen doors.
Denmark
The Copenhagen Metro uses Westinghouse and Faiveley platform screen doors on its underground stations' platforms.
Finland
The Helsinki Metro is currently conducting a trial run with Faiveley automatic platform gates installed on a single platform at Vuosaari metro station during phase one of the project. The doors, which are part of the Siemens metro automation project, were built in 2012. Phase 2 of the project has been delayed due to metro automation technical and safety related testings.
France
Paris Métro's line 14 from Saint-Lazare to Bibliothèque François Mitterrand was inaugurated with platform screen doors manufactured by Faiveley Transport. The new station Olympiades opened with platform screen doors in June 2007. Line 1 has been retrofitted with platform screen doors, for full driverless automation effective in 2012. Some stations on Line 13 have had platform edge doors since 2010 to manage their overcrowding, after tests conducted in 2006, and stations on Line 4 are currently being fitted with platform edge doors in preparation for its eventual automation.
In addition, all lines of the VAL automated subway system are also equipped with platform screen doors at every station. Those include Toulouse, Rennes and Lille subways, as well as the CDGVAL and Orlyval airport shuttles.
The D line in Lyon, which is equipped with fully automated trains, does not have platform screen doors but identifies obstructions by infrared detectors upon the tracks. A similar system is employed by the metro system in Nuremberg, Germany.
Germany
People movers at Frankfurt International Airport and Düsseldorf Airport are equipped with platform screen doors, as well as the suspended monorail in Dortmund, called H-Bahn.
Hong Kong
In 1998, the Tung Chung Line and Airport Express saw the earliest operations of platform screen doors in Hong Kong.
The MTR Corporation had also, since mid-1996, been studying the feasibility of installing PSDs at the older stations. It dediced in 1999 to undertake the PSD Retrofitting Programme at 74 platforms of 30 underground stations on the Kwun Tong, Island, and Tsuen Wan Lines. This was completed in early 2006. The Mass Transit Railway was the first metro system in the world to retrofit PSDs on a transit system already in operation.
In 2006 the MTR began studying ways to introduce barriers at above-ground and at-grade stations, which was considered more complicated as these stations are naturally ventilated and the introduction of platform screen doors would entail the installation of air conditioning systems. In 2008 the corporation decided to install automatic platform gates at these eight stations (the MTR and KCR Corporation were operationally merged in 2007, but KCR stations were except from this study). The eight stations were retrofitted with APGs in 2011.
From July 2000 to December 2013, the MTR Corporation collected a surcharge of 10 cents from each Octopus-paying passenger to help pay for the installation of PSDs and APGs. Over HK$1.15 billion was collected in total.
Platform screen doors were also installed on all platforms of the West Rail Line, then built by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) before the MTR-KCR merger. The Ma On Shan Line did not have gates upon opening even though it was built at the same time as the West Rail.
The installation of platform screen doors in Hong Kong has been effective in reducing railway injuries and service disruptions.
The longest set of platform screen doors in the world can be found in East Tsim Sha Tsui Station. A reduction of train length from 12 to 7 cars following the construction of Kowloon Southern Link caused many of the screen doors to be put out of service, although the trains are presently being lengthened to eight cars.
The platform screen doors presently in service in the MTR were supplied by the Swiss manufacturer Kaba Gilgen, the Japanese Nabtesco Corporation (under the Nabco brand), as well as Faiveley Transport. The last stations in Hong Kong without platform screen doors or gates are all found on the East Rail Line and Ma On Shan Line, both former KCR lines not part of the MTR APG retrofitting programmes. However, these remaining stations are all being retrofitted by Kaba as part of the Sha Tin to Central Link project. Adding APGs to the East Rail platforms requires platform strengthening as the gates, combined with heavy winds, can greatly increase structural loading on the platform edge.
Apart from the MTR, all stations on the Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover are equipped with platform screen doors.
India
Platform screen doors are used in all the platforms on Delhi Airport Metro Express of the Delhi Metro line which links New Delhi Metro Station and Dwarka Sector 21 with the Indira Gandhi International Airport. Platform screen doors will also be installed in five busiest stations of Line 2 by November 2015 and all stations of upcoming Line 7 and Line 8 of Delhi Metro. Chennai Metro has platform screen doors installed in all of its underground stations.
There are also plans to install platform screen doors on Line 1 and Line 2 of the Kolkata Metro. Bangalore Metro will install the same for its phase II operations expected to be completed by 2019. The Kochi Metro also plans to install platform edge doors on all 22 elevated stations on completion by 2017.
Italy
Platform screen doors are used in most newly built rapid transit lines and systems of new construction in Italy. PSDs are present on Turin Metro, the Venice People Mover, the Perugia Minimetrò, the Brescia Metro, Line 5 of the Milan Metro, and Line C of the Rome Metro.
Japan
The Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway began using barriers with the 1991 opening of the Namboku Line (which has full-height platform screen doors), and subsequently installed automatic platform gates on the Mita, Marunouchi, and Fukutoshin lines. Some railway lines, including the subway systems in Sapporo, Sendai, Nagoya, Osaka, Kyoto, and Fukuoka, also utilize barriers to some extent.
In August 2012, the Japanese government announced plans to install barriers at stations used by 100,000 or more people per day, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism allotted 36 million yen ($470,800) for research and development of the system the 2011-2012 fiscal year. A difficulty was the fact that some stations are used by different types of trains with different designs, making barrier design a challenge.
As of November 2012, only 34 of 235 stations with over 100,000 users per day were able to implement the plan. The ministry stated that 539 of approximately 9,500 train stations across Japan have barriers. Of the Tokyo Metro stations, 78 of 179 have some type of platform barrier.
In 2018, automatic platform gates will be installed on the S?bu Rapid Line platforms at Shin-Koiwa. As these trains are 300 m (980 ft) long, it is believed that this will break the world record for the longest platform doors at East Tsim Sha Tsui Station in Hong Kong.
Malaysia
Platform screen doors are installed at all underground Kelana Jaya Line LRT stations, from Ampang Park to Masjid Jamek LRT stations for safety reasons. The automated announcement message reading "For safety reasons, please stand behind the yellow line" in both English and Malay languages are also heard before the train arrived at all LRT stations. Half height platform screen doors have also been installed in all stations of the 9 Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, platform screen doors are installed at all stations of bus rapid transits Lahore Metrobus and Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus. There are plans to install them at all stations of Multan Metrobus, Karachi Metrobus and the under construction Lahore Metro.
Russia
Park Pobedy (Russian: ???? ???????) is a station of the Saint Petersburg Metro that was the first station in the world with platform doors. The station was opened in 1961. Later the other nine stations of this type were built in Saint Petersburg (Leningrad): Petrogradskaya (Russian: ?????????????), Vasileostrovskaya (Russian: ????????????????), Gostiny Dvor (Russian: ???????? ????), Mayakovskaya (Russian: ??????????), Ploshchad Alexandra Nevskogo I (Russian: ??????? ?????????? ????????-1), Moskovskaya (Russian: ??????????), Yelizarovskaya (Russian: ????????????), Lomonosovskaya (Russian: ?????????????), Zvyozdnaya (Russian: ????????).
There was an electronic device to ensure that the train stopped with its doors adjacent to the platform doors; they were installed so that driverless trains could eventually be used on the line. Unlike other platform screen doors, which are lightweight units with extensive glazing installed on a normal platform edge, the St Petersburg units give the appearance of a solid wall with heavyweight doorways and solid steel sliding doors, similar to a bank of elevators in a large building, and the train cannot be seen entering from the platform; passengers become familiar with the sound alone to indicate a train arrival.
Singapore
The Singapore Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) was the first rapid transit system in Asia to incorporate platform screen doors in its stations in 1987. Full height PSDs are installed at all existing underground MRT stations in Singapore and all future underground MRT stations. Half-height platform screen doors have been retrofitted into all stations on 14 March 2012 (starting with three elevated MRT stations by 2009), as well as all future elevated MRT stations. The LRT Station at Sengkang also has platform screen panels installed.
There are two series of the full-height platform screen doors in use. The first was installed at all underground stations along the North South Line and the East West Line from 1987 to the completion of the initial system in 1990. The second series of PSDs sporting a sleeker design, producing less sound when the doors were opened and closed, and incorporating more glass were installed in the Changi Airport MRT Station which opened in 2002. All stations in the fully underground North East Line, which opened in 2003, sport these new doors. The Circle Line features second-generation platform screen doors on all of its stations. They were installed on the North South Line platform in the Bishan MRT Station in 2009 after the opening of the Circle line platforms there.
Considered a novelty at the time of its installation, it was introduced primarily to minimise hefty air-conditioning costs, especially since elevated stations are not air-conditioned and are much more economical to run in comparison. Since then the safety aspects of these doors have become more important, as highlighted by a series of high-profile incidents where individuals were injured or killed by oncoming trains since the year 2002 -- all occurring on elevated stations with no screen doors. The Land Transport Authority reports that there have been more than 220 cases of commuters trespassing on the tracks between 1991 and 15 September 2004, of which 87 percent were deliberate acts of trespass. Nine fatalities were recorded during this period, of which only one was an accident. Since September 2004 there have been six fatalities occurring on elevated MRT and LRT stations.
The LRT Stations are going to have Platform Barriers as of 24 November 2015. They will be installed at all remaining 42 LRT stations as these platform barriers do not have platform screen doors (except for Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT Station and Bukit Panjang MRT/LRT Station), as not many people fall to the track on LRT platforms. These new PSDs will be completed by 2017/2018.
South Korea
Yongdu Station of Seoul Subway Line 2 was the first station on the Seoul Subway to feature platform screen doors; the station opened in October 2005. By the end of 2009, many of the 289 stations operated by Seoul Metro by Korean local supplier. Seoul Metro Line 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were equipped with platform screen doors However, not all stations operated by Korail have completed installation. All stations in South Korea will have platform screen doors by 2018. As of 2012, 100%, 57.9%, 49.1%, 41.4% and 15.3% of subway stations are equipped with platform screen doors in Daejeon, Gwangju, Busan, Incheon and Daegu respectively. The platform screen doors installed in Munyang Station in Daegu Metro have a unique rope-based platform screen named Rope type Platform Safe Door (RPSD). A set of ropes cordoned off the platform from the rails. When the train arrived, the rope screen ascended to allow entry. This RPSD was also used in Nokdong Station on Gwangju Subway, but was removed in 2012, and a new full-height platform screen door was installed in 2016 instead.
Spain
Half platform screens were installed first in Provença FGC station (Barcelona) around 2003. Later doors were tested on Barcelona Metro line 11 before fitting them on all stations for the new lines 9 and 10, which operate driverless. In the Seville Metro this system is the one used since it was opened in April 2009.
Sweden
Stockholm commuter rail has platform doors on two underground stations opened in July 2017, as part of the Stockholm City Line. The Stockholm metro will receive platform doors in two stations during 2017 - 2018. The underground Liseberg station in Gothenburg has platform doors which were built before its opening 1993. The reason was safety against the freight trains that go in this tunnel. These doors are built one meter from the platform edge and do not restrict the train type.
Switzerland
Zurich International Airport's Skymetro shuttle between the main building (hosting terminals A and B) and the detached terminal E has glass screen doors separating the tracks from the passenger hall platforms at both ends.
Lausanne Metro's Line M2 has glass screen doors at every station.
Taiwan
Platform screen doors and automatic platform gates were both installed from the beginning with the opening of the then Muzha Line (now the Wenshan line, the first metro line in Taiwan) of the Taipei Metro in 1996. In the 21st century, all platforms on the Neihu Line were equipped with them, and since the 2010s, all newly opened stations have been equipped with them. Future extensions and lines will also be equipped with these doors. The last station to come on line without platform screen doors was Nangang Station. TRTC has also decided that they will install platform screen doors in all stations without such doors when they were built and those stations with high amounts of passenger or that are transfer stations will be targeted first. Platform gates in major stations like Taipei Main Station and Yuanshan Station are already in use.
Taipei Metro Stations with platform screen doors:
- Line 1: All Stations
- Line 2: Daan Station to Xiangshan Station
- Line 3: Beimen Station to Songshan Station
- Line 4: Dongmen Station to Huilong Station/Luzhou Station
- Line 5: Dingpu Station and Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center Station
All underground stations on the Kaohsiung MRT system have platform screen doors installed.
Thailand
Bangkok's MRT is equipped with platform screen doors. In 2013, half-height platform screens were installed on the BTS skytrain at Siam station and are being installed in several busy stations.
United Arab Emirates
Platform screen doors are installed on all the platforms in the fully automated Dubai Metro, as well as on the Dubai Tram (the world's first tram system to feature platform screen doors).
United Kingdom
The Jubilee line extension project saw platform screen doors installed on its new stations that were underground. Contrary to other systems, where PSDs and PEDs are installed primarily for safety reasons, the Jubilee line PSDs were designed primarily to reduce the movement of air caused by emergency ventilation fans. As a secondary function, they also act as barriers to prevent people from falling onto the tracks. The Jubilee line PSDs were produced by Westinghouse. There are plans to install PEDs (which will not reach to the ceiling) in existing London Underground stations along the Bakerloo, Central, Piccadilly, and Waterloo & City lines as part of New Tube for London.
PEDs are present on the Gatwick Airport shuttle system and on the Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 airside people mover shuttle. In these two cases the purpose is safety as there is a considerable drop on the other side of the doors.
Crossrail will have platform screen doors at most of its underground stations, except for those at Heathrow Airport. These stations will also be served by Heathrow Express trains, which have a different door layout.
United States
Platform screen doors are generally rare in the United States, and are almost exclusively found on small-scale systems. The privately operated Las Vegas Monorail system is currently the only general-purpose rapid transit system in the US to use platform screen doors. Honolulu Rail Transit will become the first large-scale publicly run metro system in the United States to feature platform screen doors when it opens in late 2020.
New York City's Metropolitan Transportation Authority has not committed to installing platform screen doors in its subway system, though it had been considering such an idea since the 1980s. Possible locations for platform doors include several stations along the Second Avenue Subway, but their installation presents substantial technical challenges, as there are different placements of doors on New York City Subway rolling stock. The MTA is also interested in retrofitting platform screen doors on the Canarsie Line, along the L train, and on the IRT Flushing Line, along the 7 <7> trains. However, it is unlikely that the entire New York City Subway system will get retrofitted with platform screen doors or automatic platform gates due to, again, the varying placements of doors on rolling stock. Following a series of incidents during one week in November 2016, in which 3 people were injured or killed after being pushed into tracks, the MTA started to consider installing platform edge doors for the 42nd Street Shuttle.
People movers, systems that ferry passengers across large distances they would otherwise walk, make use of platform screen doors. These systems are common at airports such as Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport and Denver International Airport. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey uses full height platform screen doors at two of its systems: AirTrain JFK and AirTrain Newark (serving John F. Kennedy International Airport and Newark Liberty International Airport respectively). San Francisco International Airport has AirTrain which operates 24 hours a day and is a 6-mile long line that operates between the domestic terminal, international terminal, both international garages, and rental car; each station is fully enclosed with platform screen doors allowing access to the fully automated people mover. Chicago O'Hare International Airport has a people mover system which operates 24 hours a day and is a 2.5 mile long (4 km) line that operates between the four terminals at the airport and parking areas; each station is fully enclosed with platform screen doors allowing access to the fully automated people mover trains. AeroTrain is a 3.78-mile (6.08 km) people mover system at Washington Dulles International Airport in Dulles, Virginia with fully enclosed tracks including platform screen doors. The United States Capitol subway system, a train cart people mover system, uses platform gates.
Incidents
On the Shanghai Metro in 2007, a man forcing his way onto a crowded train became trapped between the train door and platform door as they closed. He was pulled under the departing train and killed; An almost identical death occurred on the Beijing Subway in 2014?--?the third death involving platform doors in China within the several years preceding it.
Between 1999 and 2012, London Underground's platform doors were involved in 75 injuries, including strikes to heads and arms.
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